Carrie Chapter Twenty-one

Part Three Wreckage From the national AP ticker, Friday, June 5, 1979: CHAMBERLAIN, MAINE (AP) STATE OFFICIALS SAY THAT THE DEATH TOLL IN CHAMBERLAIN STANDS AT 409, WITH 49 STILL LISTED AS MISSING. INVESTIGATION CONCERNING CARIETTA WHITE AND THE SO-CALLED ‘TK' PHENOMENA CONTINUES AMID PERSISTENT RUMOURS THAT AN AUTOPSY ON THE WHITE GIRL HAS UNCOVERED CERTAIN UNUSUAL FORMATIONS IN THE CEREBRUM AND CEREBELLUM OF THE BRAIN. THIS STATES GOVERNOR HAS APPOINTED A BLUE-RIBBON COMMITTEE TO STUDY THE ENTIRE TRAGEDY. ENDS. FINAL JUNE 5 030 N AP From The Lewiston Daily Sun, Sunday, September 7 (p. 3): The Legacy of TK Scorched Earth and Scorched Hearts CHAMBERLAIN – Prom Night is history now. Pundits have been saying for centuries that time heals all wounds, but the hurt of this small Western Maine town may be mortal. The residential streets are still there on the town's East Side, guarded by graceful Oaks that have stood for two hundred years, the trim saltboxes and ranch styles on Morin Street and Brickyard Hill are still neat and undamaged. But this New England pastoral lies on the rim of a blackened and shattered hub, and many of the neat houses have FOR SALE signs on their front lawns. Those still occupied are marked by black wreaths on front doors. Bright-yellow Allied vans and orange U-Hauls of varying sizes are a common sight on Chamberlain's streets these days. The town's major industry, Chamberlain Mills and Weaving, still stands, untouched by the fire that raged over much of the town on those two days in May. But it has only been running one shift since July 4th, and according to mill president William A. Chamblis, further lay-offs are a strong possibility. ‘We have the orders,' Chamblis said, ‘but you can't run a mill without people to punch the time clock. We don't have them. I've gotten notice from thirty-four men since August 15th. The only thing we can see to do now is close up the dye house and job our work out. We'd hate to let the men go, but this thing is getting down to a matter of financial survival.' Roger Fearon has lived in Chamberlain for twenty-two years, and has been with the mill for eighteen of those years. He has risen during that time from a third-floor bagger making seventy-three cents an hour to dye-house foreman; yet he seems strangely unmoved by the possibility of losing his job. ‘I'd lose a damned good wage,' Fearon said. ‘It's not something you take lightly. The wife and I have talked it over. We could sell the house – it's worth $20,000 easy – and although we probably won't realize half of that, we'll probably go ahead and put it up. Doesn't matter. We don't really want to five in Chamberlain any more. Call it what you want but Chamberlain has gone bad for us.' Fearon is not alone. Henry Kelly, proprietor of a tobacco shop and soda fountain called the Kelly Fruit until Prom Night levelled it, has no plans to rebuild. ‘The kids are gone,' he shrugs. ‘If I opened up again, there'd be too many ghosts in too many corners. I'm going to take the insurance money and retire to St Petersburg.' A week after the tornado of '54 had cut its path of death and destruction through Worcester, the air was filled with the sound of hammers, the smell of new timber, and a feeling of optimism and human resilience. There is none of that in Chamberlain this fall. The main road has been cleared of rubble and that is about the extent of it. The faces that you meet are full of dull hopelessness. Men drink beer without talking in Frank's Bar on the corner of Sullivan Street, and women exchange tales of grief and loss in back yards. Chamberlain has been declared a disaster area, and money is available to help put the town back on its feet and begin rebuilding the business district. But the main business of Chamberlain in the last four months has been funerals. Four hundred and forty are now known dead, eighteen more still unaccounted for. And sixty-seven of the dead were Ewen High School Seniors on the verge of graduation. It is this, perhaps, more than anything else, that has taken the guts out of Chamberlain. They were buried on June 1 and 2 in three mass ceremonies. A memorial service was held on June 3 in the town square. It was the most moving ceremony that this reporter has ever witnessed. Attendance was in the thousands, and the entire assemblage was still as the school band, stripped from fifty-six to a bare forty, played the school song and taps. There was a sombre graduation ceremony the following week at neighbouring Motton Academy, but there were only fifty-two Seniors left to graduate. The valedictorian, Henry Stampel, broke into tears halfway through his speech and could not continue. There were no Graduation Night parties following the ceremony; the Seniors merely took their diplomas and went home. And still, as the summer progressed, the hearses continued to roll as more bodies were discovered. To some residents it seemed that each day the scab was ripped 69 again, so that the wound could bleed afresh. If you are one of the many curiosity-seekers who have been through Chamberlain in the last week, you have seen a town that may be suffering from terminal cancer of the spirit. A few people, looking lost, wander through the aisles of the A&P. The Congregational Church on Carlin Street is gone, swept away by fire, but the brick Catholic Church still stands on Elm Street, and the trim Methodist Church on outer Main Street although singed by fire, is unhurt. Yet attendance has been poor. The old men still sit on the benches in Courthouse Square, but there is little interest in the checkerboards or even in conversation. The over-all impression is one of a town that is waiting to die. It is not enough, these days, to say that Chamberlain will never be the same. It may be closer to the truth to say that Chamberlain will simply never again be. Excerpt from a letter dated June ninth from principal Henry Grayle to Peter Philpott, Superintendent of Schools. †¦ and so I feel I can no longer continue in my present position, feeling, as I do, that such a tragedy might have been averted if I had only had more foresight. I would like you to accept my resignation effective as of July 1, if this is agreeable to you and your staff. . . Excerpt from a letter dated June eleventh from Rita Desjardin, instructor of Physical Education, to Principal Henry Grayle: †¦ am returning my contract to you at this time. I feet that I would kill myself before ever teaching again. Late at night I keep thinking: If I had only reached out to that girl, if only, if only †¦ Found painted on the lawn of the house tot where the White bungalow had been located: CARRIE WHITE IS BURNING FOR HER SINS JESUS NEVER FAILS From ‘Telekinesis: Analysis and Aftermath' (Science Yearbook, 1981), by Dean D. L McGuffin: In conclusion, I would like to point out the grave risk authorities are taking by burying the Carrie White affair under the bureaucratic mat-and I am speaking specifically of the so-called White Commission. The desire among politicians to regard TK as a once-in-a-lifetime phenomenon seems very strong, and while this may be understandable it is not acceptable. The possibility of a recurrence, genetically speaking, is 99 per cent. Ifs time we planned now for what may be †¦ From Slang Terms Explained.. A Parents' Guide, by John R. Coombs (New York: The Lighthouse Press, 1985), p. 73: to rip off a Carrie. To cause either violence or destruction; mayhem. confusion; (2) to commit arson (from Carrie White, 1963-1979) From The Shadow Exploded (p. 201): Elsewhere in this book mention is made of a page in one of Carrie White's school notebooks where a line from a famous rock poet of the '60s, Bob Dylan, was written repeatedly, as if in desperation. It might not be amiss to close this book with a few lines from another Bob Dylan song, lines that might serve as Carrie's epitaph: I wish I could write you a melody so plain/ That would save you, dear lady, from going Insane/ That would ease you and cool you and cease the pain/Of your useless and pointless knowledge†¦ From My Name Is Susan Snell (p. 98): This little book is done now. I hope it sells well so I can go someplace where nobody knows me. I want to think things over, decide what I'm going to do between now and the time when my light is carried down that long tunnel into blackness †¦ From the conclusion of The State Investigatory Board of Maine in connection with the events of May 27-28 in Chamberlain, Maine: †¦ and so we must conclude that, while an autopsy performed on the subject indicates some cellular changes which may indicate the presence of some paranormal power, we find no reason to believe that a recurrence is possible or even likely †¦ Excerpt from a letter dated May 3, 1988, from Amelia Jenks, Royal Knob, Tennessee, to Sandra Jens, Maiken, Georgia: ? ­and your little neece is growin like a weed, awfull big for only 2. She has blue eyes like her daddy and my blond hair but that will porubly go dark. Still she is awfull pretty & I think sometimes when she is asleep how she looks like our momma. The other day wile she was playin in the dirt beside the house I sneeked around and saw the funnyest thing. Annie was playin with her brothers marbles only they was mooving around all by themselfs. Annie was giggeling and laffing but I was a little skared. Some of them marbles was going right up & down. It reminded me of gramma, do you remember when the law came up that time after Pete and there guns flew out of there hands and grammie just laffed and laffed. And she use to be able to make her rocker go even when she wasen in it. I gave me a reel bad turn to think on it. I shure hope she don't get heartspels like grammie did, remember? Well I must go & do a wash so give my best to Rich and take care to send us some pitchers when you can. Still our Annie is awfull pretty & her eyes are as brite as buttons. I bet she'll be a worldbeeter someday. All my love, Melia

The Princess fairytales

â€Å"How have I become who I am today? † This is a question that adults ponder on a daily basis. There is a large amount of resources such as authoritative figures, books and experiences, which can influence your character. There is however, an important force that contributes to a human’s characteristics today- fairytales. Fairytales are fanciful tale of legendary deeds and creatures, usually intended for children. What is not known though is what effect a fairytale has on a person today. Bruno Bettelheim’s The Uses of Enchantment, reveals a revelation on the enormous value of fairytales. In order to support Bettelheim’s theories the fairytales The Princess and the Frog, The Little Mermaid, The Mouse Princess and The Seventh Father of the House have been analyzed. Theories similar to Bettelheim’s by psychologists Sigmund Freud, Renee Hall and Jack Zipes are used to describe the meanings and importance of these fairytales. Characters representation in these fairytales support psychologists' theories such as those in Bruno Bettelheim's The Uses of Enchantment that suggest that fairytales have an influence on children through the principles of reality versus pleasure principle, self discovery and approach to problems. Representation of characters in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The Little Mermaid and The Mouse Princess, support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Sigmund Freud's theories that suggest fairytales contribute to progress in a child through recognition of pleasure to the reality of life. Bruno Bettelheim develops the concept of the moral conscience first explored by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud's theories says, † The commands of the moral conscience come from the personal perception and appropriation of values which we discover in the stories or examples of persons we want to be like†. SG1) Freud means to say that our thoughts come from our perceptions of stories or persons that we wish to be like. Bettelheim builds on this theory, and further explains, † Identification with [characters] teaches that there are developments-possibilities of progress from the pleasure principle to the reality principle†. (UE43) Bettelheim means that fairytales can help a c hild realize the difference between pleasure and reality, through the solutions characters find to their problems. For example, in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, the main character Tiana is characterized as a girl who wishes upon an Evening Star. Tiana therefore finds pleasure in believing that her dreams can come true by wishing on the star. Reality is shown to Tiana by her father though, when he says, † †¦ that old star can only take you part of the way, you've got to help it along with some hard work of your own. † (P&F8) From this fairytale, a child can learn that success takes work and dedication, and that one must not believe in success coming instantly. Another fairytale where the reality versus pleasure principle can be shown is The Little Mermaid. Like Tiana, the little mermaid is a character who seeks pleasure in dreams of transforming from mermaid to human. The mermaid's reality though, shows in the excerpt that says, † A two-edged sword seemed to thrust itself through her delicate body; she fainted, and lay as though dead. † (LM61) Children can learn that in reality, a sacrifice, big or small, sometimes has to be made in order to achieve your goals in life. In the story The Mouse Princess, pleasure is shown by the Prince's brothers when they choose beauty in order to find success. Reality is shown to the brothers though, when the authors says,† Indeed, there was little to choose between them for looks and arrogance. (MP206/207) The Prince's brothers find that their wives were not adequate enough. A child gets the message from this fairytale that there are consequences when one does not search for quality in order to gain their desires in life. CONCLUSION The character's representation in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The Seventh Father of the House, and The Little Mermaid, support the theories of psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Megge Hill Fitz-Randolph which suggest that fairytales contribute to a child's progression through the process of self- discovery. In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states, â€Å"Children are searching for the solutions†¦ â€Å"Who am I? How ought I to deal with life's problems? â€Å"†¦ the fairytale has a consistent structure with a definite beginning and a plot that moves toward a satisfying solution which is reached at the end. † (UE47/57) Bettelheim explains that fairytales provide answers to important questions that children begin to question when their lives begin. The answers that they obtain help to shape the child's process of thought, leading him to discover his capabilities. The structure provided in the fairytale in turn gives the child a guideline to follow. A child identifies with the structures and characters, which both help the child understand why the child feels and thinks the way he or she does. Psychologist Megge Hill Fitz-Randolph, in her article entitled, Fairytales as Guide to Self Understanding, she says, â€Å"Due largely due to the work of Carl Jung, Marion Woodman, Joseph Campbell and others fairy tales along with myths have become a satisfying and surprising way to get a larger view of oneself†¦ Becoming one's authentic self or Individuation is always the endgame of the fairy tale’s journey. † (MR1) Randolph simply states that through reading and understanding fairytales, one can find themselves by the end of the story. The process of self discovery is shown in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, when Tiana is faced with the problem of being magically turned into a frog. Tiana finds herself when the story states, â€Å"There was something special about her. She knew that my daddy taught me well. He always knew what was important. â€Å"(PF54) Throughout the story, Tiana finds that her strength is staying focused to the task that she had originally planned to succeed at, which was having her own restaurant. From this experience, a child learns that there may be extraordinary problems that one may encounter, but at the end of the trial, one will always learn something about himself. In the fairytale The Seventh Father of the House, the traveller discovers that he has the drive to follow through with his plans to find a place to stay. The traveller must ask seven men in order to find a place to stay. By the end of the process, the traveller finally asks,† Good Evening Father! Will you put me up for the night? † (7F14) By the end stage of this fairytale, the traveller has learnt that he indeed has the drive to follow through on plans, even though he had to go through many men in order to get to where he has ended. From this ordeal, a child learns that in order to find yourself, or what you are good at, you must never give up. The process of self discovery can finally be seen in the fairytale The Little Mermaid. The mermaid almost lost her life in an attempt to figure out what she truly wanted in her life. In a turn of events, the fairytale states, â€Å"The knife quivered in her hand-then she flung it far out in the waves; she looked at the prince, she threw herself from the ship into the sea, where she felt her body dissolving into foam. † (LM68) The mermaid thought she knew what she wanted, then realized that the suffering she had gone through was not worth her dream. A child can learn that one has to go through ordeals, big or small, and some may even suffer in the hopes of finally becoming the person he would like to be. CONCLUSION A character's representation in the fairytales The Princess and the Frog, The Mouse Princess and The Seventh Father of the House support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Jack Zipes theories that suggest fairytales contribute to the development of a child through the concept of the correct approach to problem solving. In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states that, † †¦ too many parents want their children's mind to function as their own do.. f he becomes more able to understand others, and eventually can relate to them in ways which are mutually satisfying and meaningful. â€Å"(UE1) This means that fairytales can help a child's mind function in a manner that is understanding to them and give the child proper problem solving skills that would be essential to them for the future. Jack Zipes analysis o f problem solving through fairytales can be found in his work entitled, Why Fairytales Stick, Zipes says, † fairy tales were designed to communicate ideas about natural instinct, social relations, normative behaviour, character types†¦ (JZ99). Zipes suggests that a fairytale was meant to serve the function of helping to solve problems, therefore shadowing the beliefs of Bettelheim. In the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, when Tiana turns into a frog, the reader is introduced to an unrealistic situation, but still a process where problem solving tactics are involved. Tiana was able to solve her problems by asking questions and making sure she received answers that would help her solve the dilemma. A child can learn the important skill of problem solving from Tiana by following in her footsteps and asking for help from the right person in order to solve a problem. In the fairytale The Seventh Father of the House, problems arise between the Prince and his brothers. The story says, â€Å"But the Countess and the Duke's daughter glared haughtily at one another over their bridegrooms' heads, all their past friendship forgotten in their present rivalry. † (MP215) The Prince was able to successfully find a bride through this hard work and perseverance. The Prince was able to solve his problem and gain positive aspects when he earned his father's crown, and earning the resentment of his lazy brothers. This story teaches children that without the correct problem solving skills, the result of the task will be negative. Similarly to Tiana, the traveller in The Seventh Father of the House was able to analyze the situation that he was put in, and ask a multitude of questions to several people, and finally able to find a healthy solution to his task- finding a place to stay. â€Å"How have I become who I am today? † This is a question that adults ponder on a daily basis. There is a large amount of resources such as authoritative figures, books and experiences, which can influence your character. There is however, an important force that contributes to a human’s characteristics today- fairytales. Fairytales are fanciful tale of legendary deeds and creatures, usually intended for children. What is not known though is what effect a fairytale has on a person today. Bruno Bettelheim’s The Uses of Enchantment, reveals a revelation on the enormous value of fairytales. In order to support Bettelheim’s theories the fairytales The Princess and the Frog, The Little Mermaid, The Mouse Princess and The Seventh Father of the House have been analyzed. Theories similar to Bettelheim’s by psychologists Sigmund Freud, Renee Hall and Jack Zipes are used to describe the meanings and importance of these fairytales. Characters representation in these fairytales support psychologists' theories such as those in Bruno Bettelheim's The Uses of Enchantment that suggest that fairytales have an influence on children through the principles of reality versus pleasure principle, self discovery and approach to problems. Representation of characters in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The Little Mermaid and The Mouse Princess, support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Sigmund Freud's theories that suggest fairytales contribute to progress in a child through recognition of pleasure to the reality of life. Bruno Bettelheim develops the concept of the moral conscience first explored by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud's theories says, † The commands of the moral conscience come from the personal perception and appropriation of values which we discover in the stories or examples of persons we want to be like†. SG1) Freud means to say that our thoughts come from our perceptions of stories or persons that we wish to be like. Bettelheim builds on this theory, and further explains, † Identification with [characters] teaches that there are developments-possibilities of progress from the pleasure principle to the reality principle†. (UE43) Bettelheim means that fairytales can help a c hild realize the difference between pleasure and reality, through the solutions characters find to their problems. For example, in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, the main character Tiana is characterized as a girl who wishes upon an Evening Star. Tiana therefore finds pleasure in believing that her dreams can come true by wishing on the star. Reality is shown to Tiana by her father though, when he says, † †¦ that old star can only take you part of the way, you've got to help it along with some hard work of your own. † (P&F8) From this fairytale, a child can learn that success takes work and dedication, and that one must not believe in success coming instantly. Another fairytale where the reality versus pleasure principle can be shown is The Little Mermaid. Like Tiana, the little mermaid is a character who seeks pleasure in dreams of transforming from mermaid to human. The mermaid's reality though, shows in the excerpt that says, † A two-edged sword seemed to thrust itself through her delicate body; she fainted, and lay as though dead. † (LM61) Children can learn that in reality, a sacrifice, big or small, sometimes has to be made in order to achieve your goals in life. In the story The Mouse Princess, pleasure is shown by the Prince's brothers when they choose beauty in order to find success. Reality is shown to the brothers though, when the authors says,† Indeed, there was little to choose between them for looks and arrogance. (MP206/207) The Prince's brothers find that their wives were not adequate enough. A child gets the message from this fairytale that there are consequences when one does not search for quality in order to gain their desires in life. CONCLUSION The character's representation in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The Seventh Father of the House, and The Little Mermaid, support the theories of psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Megge Hill Fitz-Randolph which suggest that fairytales contribute to a child's progression through the process of self- discovery. In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states, â€Å"Children are searching for the solutions†¦ â€Å"Who am I? How ought I to deal with life's problems? â€Å"†¦ the fairytale has a consistent structure with a definite beginning and a plot that moves toward a satisfying solution which is reached at the end. † (UE47/57) Bettelheim explains that fairytales provide answers to important questions that children begin to question when their lives begin. The answers that they obtain help to shape the child's process of thought, leading him to discover his capabilities. The structure provided in the fairytale in turn gives the child a guideline to follow. A child identifies with the structures and characters, which both help the child understand why the child feels and thinks the way he or she does. Psychologist Megge Hill Fitz-Randolph, in her article entitled, Fairytales as Guide to Self Understanding, she says, â€Å"Due largely due to the work of Carl Jung, Marion Woodman, Joseph Campbell and others fairy tales along with myths have become a satisfying and surprising way to get a larger view of oneself†¦ Becoming one's authentic self or Individuation is always the endgame of the fairy tale’s journey. † (MR1) Randolph simply states that through reading and understanding fairytales, one can find themselves by the end of the story. The process of self discovery is shown in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, when Tiana is faced with the problem of being magically turned into a frog. Tiana finds herself when the story states, â€Å"There was something special about her. She knew that my daddy taught me well. He always knew what was important. â€Å"(PF54) Throughout the story, Tiana finds that her strength is staying focused to the task that she had originally planned to succeed at, which was having her own restaurant. From this experience, a child learns that there may be extraordinary problems that one may encounter, but at the end of the trial, one will always learn something about himself. In the fairytale The Seventh Father of the House, the traveller discovers that he has the drive to follow through with his plans to find a place to stay. The traveller must ask seven men in order to find a place to stay. By the end of the process, the traveller finally asks,† Good Evening Father! Will you put me up for the night? † (7F14) By the end stage of this fairytale, the traveller has learnt that he indeed has the drive to follow through on plans, even though he had to go through many men in order to get to where he has ended. From this ordeal, a child learns that in order to find yourself, or what you are good at, you must never give up. The process of self discovery can finally be seen in the fairytale The Little Mermaid. The mermaid almost lost her life in an attempt to figure out what she truly wanted in her life. In a turn of events, the fairytale states, â€Å"The knife quivered in her hand-then she flung it far out in the waves; she looked at the prince, she threw herself from the ship into the sea, where she felt her body dissolving into foam. † (LM68) The mermaid thought she knew what she wanted, then realized that the suffering she had gone through was not worth her dream. A child can learn that one has to go through ordeals, big or small, and some may even suffer in the hopes of finally becoming the person he would like to be. CONCLUSION A character's representation in the fairytales The Princess and the Frog, The Mouse Princess and The Seventh Father of the House support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Jack Zipes theories that suggest fairytales contribute to the development of a child through the concept of the correct approach to problem solving. In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states that, † †¦ too many parents want their children's mind to function as their own do.. f he becomes more able to understand others, and eventually can relate to them in ways which are mutually satisfying and meaningful. â€Å"(UE1) This means that fairytales can help a child's mind function in a manner that is understanding to them and give the child proper problem solving skills that would be essential to them for the future. Jack Zipes analysis o f problem solving through fairytales can be found in his work entitled, Why Fairytales Stick, Zipes says, † fairy tales were designed to communicate ideas about natural instinct, social relations, normative behaviour, character types†¦ (JZ99). Zipes suggests that a fairytale was meant to serve the function of helping to solve problems, therefore shadowing the beliefs of Bettelheim. In the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, when Tiana turns into a frog, the reader is introduced to an unrealistic situation, but still a process where problem solving tactics are involved. Tiana was able to solve her problems by asking questions and making sure she received answers that would help her solve the dilemma. A child can learn the important skill of problem solving from Tiana by following in her footsteps and asking for help from the right person in order to solve a problem. In the fairytale The Seventh Father of the House, problems arise between the Prince and his brothers. The story says, â€Å"But the Countess and the Duke's daughter glared haughtily at one another over their bridegrooms' heads, all their past friendship forgotten in their present rivalry. † (MP215) The Prince was able to successfully find a bride through this hard work and perseverance. The Prince was able to solve his problem and gain positive aspects when he earned his father's crown, and earning the resentment of his lazy brothers. This story teaches children that without the correct problem solving skills, the result of the task will be negative. Similarly to Tiana, the traveller in The Seventh Father of the House was able to analyze the situation that he was put in, and ask a multitude of questions to several people, and finally able to find a healthy solution to his task- finding a place to stay.

The Conceptual and Theoretical Fundamentals of Management Information Thesis

The Conceptual and Theoretical Fundamentals of Management Information in Public Procurement - Thesis Example Organizational Preparedness 82 6.3. Management Information Cockpit and Its Impact on Public Administration Management 85 6.3. Impact of IM Cockpit to Administrative Performance, Efficiency, Effectiveness and Sustainability 88 6.4. Summary 90 Chapter 7 - Conclusion 91 7.1 Contributions of the Thesis 91 7.2 Implications of the Thesis 92 7.2.1 Implications for Theory 92 7.2.2 Implications for Public Administration Organizations and Information Technology 92 7.2.3 Implications for Future Researches 93 7.3 Limitations of the Thesis 94 7.4 Final Conclusion 94 Bibliography 95 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Private and public partnership (PPP) is a recent phenomenon that seeks to breakdown the traditional barriers existing between the private and the public sector.1 PPP is an arrangement wherein â€Å"public sector bodies enter into long-term contractual agreements in which private parties participate in, or provide support for, the provision of infrastructure, and a PPP project re sults in a contract for a private entity to deliver public infrastructure-based services.†2 Several forms of transactions have been established within the parameters set by PPP and some of which are build-own –operate, buy-build-operate and others. Nonetheless, regardless of the structure of the established partnership what is integral is the rationale behind the partnership and that is to provide quality services to the public with decrease costs and minimal risks on the government. In this regard, the public-private partnership is geared towards creating the social dynamics and mechanisms that will enhance the functioning of the civil society, thus, establish a better rendering of the public goods.3 However, the relationship between the public and the private are not... Several forms of transactions have been established within the parameters set by PPP and some of which are build-own –operate, buy-build-operate and others. Nonetheless, regardless of the structure of the established partnership what is integral is the rationale behind the partnership and that is to provide quality services to the public with decrease costs and minimal risks on the government. In this regard, the public-private partnership is geared towards creating the social dynamics and mechanisms that will enhance the functioning of the civil society, thus, establish a better rendering of the public goods. However, the relationship between the public and the private are not just modified by the phenomenon of PPP, it has also been re-shaped by advancements in technology. Advancements in information and computer technology (ICT) have tremendously affected all sectors of society including the in which the government render its services to the citizenry. People now demand quality service from the government, similar to the services given by the private sector. ICT developments have innovated the concept of service by proving the vehicle wherein 24/7 customer service is available to the public. This development is a welcome change as it provides the venue where the government can reach the citizenry and vice-versa anytime, anywhere.

Appraisal Activity Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appraisal Activity - Article Example Tuberculosis has been a paramount concern in South Africa with the HIV infected been prone to the disease. This is a health risk for very many individuals living in an around the region of South Africa. As a result, everyone should be able to access better medical care as it is the duty of doctors and nurses to ensure everyone gets the required medical attention. South Africa has adhered to these and has ensured that medications to treat tuberculosis are available at no cost (McInerney, 2007). Nurses avail themselves so as to offer their services, and this enables them to build trust with their patients. The patients have appointments which they keep, expecting medication and advice for tuberculosis treatment. It has also been the duty of nurses to educate people on symptoms and immediate care for tuberculosis. They make it their duty to look for methods that will enable patients to remember their appointments, and also take their medication (WHO, 2007). The major challenge facing patients with tuberculosis is the lack of food. There are areas highly affected by drought, and lack of food affects the health of the tuberculosis patients. However, clinics went out of their way to provide food for these patients during their appointments. The patients were from time to time given food vouchers (WHO, 2007). Nurses taking care of the tuberculosis patients do their best to ensure food is available in areas where there is drought. They have also tried to teach family members on how to take care of the patients so as to encourage adherence to anti-TB medication. Nurses try to ensure patients access basic needs, and get social support so as to improve their quality of life (McInerney, 2007). In conclusion, it is clear that nurses have, therefore, been of immense help to TB patients. Recent studies conducted show that they have contributed to ensure adherence to anti-TB medication. They ensure that the patients adhere to medication for a period

Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reaction - Essay Example According to Dr. Audrey Young, the type of training and experiences that are taught in medical school skip basic elements that facilitate communication and understandability of the patients. The book bases its initial principles on the fact that medicine originates from the patient. The ability for a doctor to listen to the feelings and perceptions of the [patient is a step towards the healing and recovery process. However, medical school has taught doctors to have a minimum interaction with the patient. Particular emphasis is laid on disease diagnosis through research and treatment as opposed to the soothing and communicative nature doctors must possess in order to reassure their patients of a quick recovery of the various types of diseases that they may be experiencing (Young, 2009). Communication and maintain a good rapport with the patients is the foundation of medicine. Great lessons in a career such as what Dr. Audrey Young is pursuing teach the professionals to be humble and sympathetic. It also should teach them to be tolerant and brave since there are many instances that will require them to have a lion’s heart in order to deal with them. According to my evaluation of the experiences that Young passed through during her years in Medial school, I view medicine to be a calling rather than a profession (Young, 2009). It requires a great initiative by the individual to acquire knowledge about the facts of the course and knowledge on how to blend into different cultures and people’s lifestyles in pursuit to give treatment and better health care. It was therefore prudent for the curriculum of the institution to expose the students to different environments with people of various beliefs, ailments and origins. Dr. Young worked from the regions of Seattle in the United States of America, Swaziland, Pocatello and Idaho. She encountered patients with

The ethical principle of Facebook as An Emotional Contagion Essay

The ethical principle of Facebook as An Emotional Contagion - Essay Example An analysis of this experiment in light of the utilitarian theory of ethics shows that this experiment is morally justifiable. This is because, although the experiment violates some individual rights of the subjects of the experiment, the experiment findings, however, is quite useful and can be used in many ways; this, in essence, means that the experiment will lead to making the majority of people happy. This, therefore, means that that experiment is morally justifiable in light of the utilitarianism.The experiment is, however, morally unjustifiable in light of the Kantian deontology. This is because the subjects of the experiment were used not as human beings with intrinsic worth, i.e ends in themselves, but rather as means to some end. This is because the experiment violated some individual rights of the subjects of the experiment. This fact, therefore, shows that the experiment is unethical in light of the Kantian deontology.According to my moral worldview, this experiment is mor ally unjustifiable. This is because the experiment clearly violates some basic rights of its subjects. Although, the experiment can, of course, benefits many people, the experiment doesn’t take cognizance of the individual rights of its subjects. This fact, therefore, shows that the experiment is morally unjustifiable. To avoid this moral problem, future experiments and research in technology involving human beings should be done only after getting the consent of the intended subjects of the experiment.

Critique Writing on Quantitative Research Essay

Critique Writing on Quantitative Research - Essay Example This analysis has developed a unified and cohesive explanation that has not only been targeted at expounding the specifics of the research, but also provides a clear formulation of a thorough research interpretation. According to my suggestion from the study observations, it is apparent that the sample size and the methodology that is employed in the experimental group subjects selection invalidates the research thereby resulting in a great reduction of the ultimate ability to generalize the immediate and eventual population. Key Words: teacher in-servicing, research, methodology, sample size, and research validity Critical analysis In this research paper on The effects of teacher training on new instructional behaviour in reading comprehension, de Jager, and colleagues (2002) have given an outline of a quasi-design of an experiment that is centred on three groups of sample population (these groups consists of two investigational and one control group). These sample groups were selec ted from the population that consisted of 83 teachers from the primary school level in Northern Netherlands. While introducing the research paper, the authors insists on the need for the teachers incorporating the appropriate instructional approaches through which they will be implanted with the guidelines for the new instructions coupled with the need for accessing the inservice coaching through which they will successfully be able to implement these models in their day to days teaching. This can be explained as the statement that details the reason behind the research. However, this must not be misunderstood as a research question according to my belief. It is just a belief statement that is employed in framing the focus and purpose of the research. In addition, the authors recognize the fact that in education, the focus has to revolve around the student based and constructive learning. This idea is supported by Dorgan (2004) who insists that pupils have to be guided and facilitat ed by the teachers to the best understanding level. In addition, the authors also recognizes the fact that while the educational theory can be perceived to have progressed to an extent of meeting the current paradigm higher standards, the progress of education has not been progressive to a level that is up to date. Therefore, the paper aims to explore the possibility of having the educational and theoretical practices reconciled practically. Research problem In this research paper, de Jager, and colleagues (2002) have their focus drawn to particular research question that has clearly been detailed in page 832. Rather that detailing the question as interrogative, it is framed as a statement that asks; can the primary school teachers be trained in the Direct Instruction (DI) or Cognitive Apprentiship (CA) model? Particularly important to the author is the way the metacognitive skills are integrated into the models employed in teaching. The authors insist that through the previous stud ies; for instance those conducted in 2001 by Muijs and Reynolds among others, the Direct Instruction is proven to be effective when it comes to enhancing the basic skills development. In addition, the authors have insisted that from the proof provided by the lab experiments, the Cognitive Apprenticeship has been proven to be effective. As a result of these facts, we can justify conducting and analysing similar

How CRM be Applied in the Life Insurance Company Dissertation

How CRM be Applied in the Life Insurance Company - Dissertation Example This research will begin with the statement that most businesses, including Ping an Life insurance company, have invested a lot in Customer Relations Management and expect to see the Return on Investment (ROI) in due course. The present research has identified that CRM strategies are meant to help improve the company’s operations and steer the company to achieve more success as far as attracting and retaining customers and clients are concerned. The author has rightly presented that the importance of CRM in this more competitive business environment coupled with rapid technological changes and effects of globalization, the significance of CRM cannot be underestimated. Ping an Life insurance company certainly recognizes the importance of CRM in the modern business environment and has moved swiftly to put in place measure to attract more customers and retain them. There exist however a lot of challenges and limitations in the implementation of the company’s CRM strategies which make it rather difficult for the company to achieve its full potential. This is especially so because CRM requires a business to change their operation strategies from product centered approaches and put more focus on the customer as the focal point in the company’s marketing endeavors. Such a shift will always be difficult for companies like Ping an Life that have been in operation for a very long time and who have been relying on the older methods and techniques of marketing. This research study has investigated and studied the CRM strategies of Ping an Life insurance company and evaluated how they are performed and come up with various recommendations for improvement. These recommendation are aimed at enabling the company achieve even much greater results with their CRM strategies. The recommendations are as follows; Since most of the company’s clients have been directed to the company through referrals from existing clients, the first recommendation would be to strengthen the reward system. Existing clients should be motivated to pass positive messages to their friends and family about the company and encourage them to come work with Pin an Life company. The existing clients should be given rewards, whether its discounts or otherwise for each and every new client brought to the company (Al-Ghamdi, Sohail & Al-Khaldi, 2007). The other recommendation that is crucial to the company’s CRM strategy is the use of technology. The company should adopt a technological approach by using the internet to track prospects and communicate with them (McGregor, 2012). There are also plenty of application software that can help improve the CRM strategy of the Ping an Life insurance company. The company should identify one that suits their operations and work with it. The company also needs to manage the new change by incorporating views of all stakeholders in the company and prepare them for the impending change. This will include collecting thei r views about the impending changes in marketing and how other departments will be affected and addressing each concern. The members of staff will then be trained on how to deal with customers in the new dispensation Conclusion It is no doubt that Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is becoming a very essential element of businesses. The ability of businesses to attract and retain a large portion of their clients and prospects gives them a very huge competitive advantage in the highly competitive business world. The significance of CRM in the Asian business environment is also becoming apparent, especially in China with a majority of the big companies and corporations having strong Customer Relationships Management strategies. The insurance company Ping an Life has had numerous challenges in the past regarding to its marketing strategies and the importance given to Customer Relations Management cannot be understated. The big attention bestowed on Customer Relations Management is as a result of the rapid developments and changes in

Position paper 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Position paper 1 - Assignment Example Biologists hold that human embryos are human beings at an early stage of development. For Yelena and Yury, although the pregnancy was accidental, the mere fact that they are members of the human species dictate that they have the moral responsibility to facilitate rather than retard the internally directed development of the persisting human being. Whereas George and Lee (2005) claim that human beings are capable of consciousness and experience that empowers them to make greater claims than human embryos, such a claim is flawed and fallacious. Firstly, during the embryonic stage, our conscious and personality were already fully formed since character is shaped at this early stage. As such, we were not human non-persons but human persons with all the psychological attributes. The mere fact that human embryos lack experience does not reduce it to a nonperson. We possessed intrinsic worth and human dignity since then, a factor that gives the embryo the right to grow and develop. This di gnity is not dependent on inadvertent attributes such as IQ, age, size, or skin color but is rather intrinsic due to the entities we are. Hence, while Yelena and Yury undertook significant measures to prevent the abortion, but it still occurred, it is unethical to terminate the life of the developing individual. It must be accorded the respect and dignity that it deserves since we also want to be treated with respect and dignity; it is not a ‘lesser’ human being. Honourably, Callahan (1986) strives to condemn those who justify abortion by claiming that the fetus is a biological parasite that continuously takes resources from a female’s body. Evidently, this is a pro-choice feminist argument that overly exaggerates the fact that during the 9-month period, the mother’s energies and whole life will be actively involved in the development of the embryo to a baby. Callahan (1986) understands that such a

Citi Group Financial Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Citi Group Financial - Research Proposal Example A leader continuously inspires quality relationships with others in the organization and, as much as possible, conforms to the expectations of corporate policy as a pinnacle of ethics and integrity. At Citigroup, there are several individuals with leadership qualities who have performed excellence in financial services and, simply by being rewarded for their performance, they achieved leadership status by inspiring others to act similarly in the business environment. In groups, a leader is often the task coordinator and acts as a mediator in various discussions between diverse group members. This view of the leadership role suggests a person who is equipped to handle multiple responsibilities and ensure that all members of the project team are focused and positive. Rather than delegating their individual tasks, the leader simply acts as the catalyst for social order and positive discussion. Citigroup regularly appoints leaders to different financial groups, generally selecting those who continuously provide excellence in communication and customer service. In most organizations, a manager is an individual who is responsible for coordinating the efforts of various subordinate staff members to ensure they are performing their unique job functions. A manager is concerned with issues of scheduling, performing administrative tasks such as giving performance reviews to workers, and job task assignment. These are the more foundational aspects of management which suggests that the managerial role is simply one of coordination and authority. At Citigroup, there are many managers with a centralized command hierarchy where instructions are delivered from the top-down and compliance is expected. Managers are constantly scrutinizing employees work habits to ensure they are performing to the task at hand. This does not require much of a leadership

Physical Therapist Report Essay Example for Free

Physical Therapist Report Essay The career I’m most interested in is Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy is Rehabilitation concerned with the restoration of function and prevention of physical disability following disease, injury or loss of body parts. (www. emonetwork. org/terms. asp) Physical Therapist have a very direct relationship with their patients and work with them over a period of time to help them become more mobile. There are numerous reasons why I want to become a physical therapist. Science, since I can remember, has always been my favorite and best subject in school. It’s what I find the most interesting and learn the easiest. Life Science, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics are all courses I have enjoyed taking. I’ve always known I was going to do something in the Healthcare Profession as a career but I never knew what until recently. I chose physical therapy because its not as much school as a doctor would go through, it’s great pay, you get to help patients live a better life, you get a lot of benefits including health insurance, and employment is expected to grow much faster then the average. Physical therapist earn an average salary of $70,000. They also get paid vacations. Helping people everyday and watching them progress is something I would enjoy doing in life. Physical therapist spend about seven years in school total depending on how long it takes you to complete your undergraduate degree. After completing your undergraduate degree you would have to go through an accredited Physical therapist graduate school, which takes about three years. I plan on going either to Sonoma State University or CSU East Bay to complete my undergraduate degree in kinesiology. After that I want to go to graduate school at the University of California San Francisco. Where: After I complete my Masters and become a licensed physical therapist I want to move to Southern California and work in a hospital down there. After a few years I want to open my own physical therapy business and be self-employed in my own private practice.

Discovery Of Oil In Ghana Economics Essay

Discovery Of Oil In Ghana Economics Essay Since the discovery of oil in deep-water offshore the coast of Ghana in 2007, the nation has had amplified expectations on possible accelerated economic growth and development. This black gold if managed well has the propensity to transform a structurally week economy into a self-sustain economy or can lead to social, economic and political instability as evidenced in some resource rich countries where their economies are characterized by corruption, poverty, and conflict. As Ghana becomes a member of league of oil producing countries, it is imperative that the country considers available successful options for effective allocation of its oil windfalls. This paper examines policy instruments that the Ghanaian governments can adopt to promote rapid improvement in development indicators in order to avoid the resource curse. Now, with oil as a shot in the arm, were going to fly, Were going to really zoom, accelerate, and if everything works, which I pray will happen positively, you come back in five years, and youll see that Ghana truly is the African tiger, in economic terms for development.  [1]  This statement attributed to a former president of Ghana in 2007 upon discovery of oil in commercial quantities justifies the optimistic expectations from the government and people of Ghana on the acceleration of economic growth and development from revenues to be obtained from exploration and development of oil fields. However, countries endowed with abundance of natural resources often perform poorly in achieving their targeted economic development than those with fewer resources resulting in what is popularly known as the paradox of plenty or natural resource curse.  [2]  For most of these richly endowed countries, the dream of using revenues from oil and gas to propel economic development is shutte red due to poor governance, oil price volatility, overdependence of oil revenue and the enclave nature of the oil industry. Ghana, a resource rich country and already producing gold, diamond, bauxite, magnesium and aluminium has not been able to achieve economic stability and low poverty rate with revenues from these mineral resources. Based on current proven reserves, Ghanas production of oil from the Jubilee field is expected to reach it peak from 2013-2015 at a production capacity of 120,000 barrels per day, lasting for 20 years and a potential revenue generation of USD 1.8 billion per annum at its peak production.  [3]  Availability of both short and long term economic measures and macro-economic policies are needed to avoid the resource curse. This paper seeks to examine how the governments of Ghana can effectively manage this scarce resource (oil) in the nations quest to achieving a middle income status economy by 2020. For a proper understanding of oil exploration and exploitation, chapter two will consider the history of oil discovery in Ghana. A comparative approach method will be adopted in chapter three to analyse two diverging case scenarios of how one country (Norway) has been able to effectively manage it resources to advance economic development and the other countrys (Nigeria) failure to achieve such success. Chapter four will elaborate on how key mechanisms such as diversification of the economy, strengthening of contractual and legal framework, transparency and accountability and resource management can be used as a tool in achieving sustainable economic growth. The conclusion will be chapter five. 2. Ghana Overview: History of Oil Discovery Exploration of hydrocarbons in Ghana started in 1896 from the onshore Tano exploration in the Western Region (GPE, 2004). This initial exploration by the West Africa Oil and Fuel Company (WAOFCO) and later by the Socià ©tà © Franà §aise de Petrole in 1909 was hitched by the discovery of seepages of oil onshore by early explorers in surrounding communities onshore Tano (GNPC, 2009). The Saltpond field, which is the first major oil field in Ghana was discovered and developed by Signal Amoco in 1970 and began producing oil in 1975. A total of about 3.47 million barrels of oil was produced and 14 billion cubic feet of gas was flared between 1978 and 1985.  [4]  Three major discoveries Cape Three Points, Saltpond and North and South Tano were made from drilling of 31 wells by the end of 1980. With the nations vision of reducing crude oil importation and the provision of sustainable and reliable supply of petroleum products, Ghana Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) was established in 1983 with a mandate to continue major and sustainable exploration activities through the usage of needed technology and personnel, accelerated petroleum exploration and preventing adverse effects on the environment from petroleum exploration.  [5]  Figure 1 shows Ghanas Jubilee Oil Field. Figure 1: Ghanas Jubilee field straddles two licenses: Deep-water Tano and West Cape Three Points Map of Ghana highlighting offshore projects Source: Tullow Oil Ghana, 2012 In June 2007, GNPC together with its partners in the Jubilee field, Tullow Oil and Kosmos Energy announced the discovery of oil offshore Ghana. Tullow Oil expressed that the oil discovered offshore Ghana is one of the biggest oil finds in Africa in recent times.  [6]  Production of oil from the Jubilee field commenced in December 2010, and is estimated to contain 1.5 billion barrels of oil. Production in 2012 is estimated to be between an average of 70,000 and 90,000 barrels per day (bpd).  [7]  It is important to observe that since 2007, more offshore discoveries of oil and gas has been made with the recent discovery filed by Hess and GNPC for the Pecan-1 exploration well located in at deep-water Tano/Cape Three Points license offshore Ghana.  [8]   3. Comparative Analysis In recent years, due to the extreme variations in the standard of living of resource-rich countries, resource management has become a key element in exploration and development of natural resources. While countries such as Norway ranks very top in effective management of oil revenue, others such as Yemen, Angola, Nigeria and Chad have performed poorly in achieving economic development. Plagued in poverty, most of these countries have become rich with poor people often struggling to design appropriate resource management strategies for resource utilization.  [9]  Oil price volatility and the Dutch Disease are the two commonly known adverse effects to development path of resource endowed countries. The Dutch Disease which occurred in the Netherlands in 1970s refers to a sharp increase in the value of exported resource leading to appreciation of the local real exchange rate. This usually increases import as a result of increase in expenditure due to what is termed as petro-dollar an d makes exportation of local commodities unattractive and difficult, hence the spending effect. The shift in human resources and logistics from other sectors to the resource sector raises cost of production of other sectors creating resource pull.  [10]  A comparative analysis of Norway and Nigeria discussed is intended to offer Ghana with two practically extreme modules for guidance in avoiding the resource curse. 3.1 Norway Norway has earned a reputable position in resource management in oil and gas development. This has been labelled by many as the classical Scandinavian mechanism to tackling obstacles for long-term economic growth and development in the oil and gas industry. Norway discovered its first commercial oil in 1971 from the North Sea and considered its windfall from oil revenues as a temporal tool to insulate global economic shocks instead of stimulating present consumption. From the Norwegian Model, the government carefully and effectively disaggregated administration of petroleum development into policy formulation, commercial and regulatory arms. The separated arms included the national oil company (Statoil) which was mandated to undertake commercial oil and gas exploration and exploitation, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) as a regulatory body responsible for control, monitoring and provision of technical support and Ministry of Petroleum and Energy directing government policies.  [11]   To sustain revenue management and wealth, total and non-oil economy separation was introduced in economic forecasting in 1973 and was strengthened by the establishment of Government Petroleum Fund, renamed as Government Pension Fund in 2006. New fiscal policy guidelines were adopted by Parliament in 2001.  [12]  All these policy instruments instituted and strictly adhered to has resulted in prudent and transparent management of oil revenue. (Insert SWF institute) The success chalked by Norway in the management and administration of revenue from oil and gas production has attracted immersed international attention and has led to the formation of the Oil for Development (OfD) by the Norwegian government. The scheme launched in 2005 aims at supporting developing economies upon request, to manage, control and achieve economic development through efficient utilization of oil revenues.  [13]  With core members such as Nigeria, Angola, Uganda, Vietnam and limited cooperation countries such as Ghana, Tanzania and South Africa, Oil for Development now cooperates with more than over 23 countries depending on area of expertise needed. 3.2 Nigeria Nigeria joined the ranks of oil producers in 1958 after it had discovered oil in commercial quantities in 1956 by Shell-BP as the sole concessionaire at the time and producing about 5,100 bpd at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta. By the late sixties and early seventies, production level had surged to over 2 million barrels of crude oil a day.  [14]  Between 1971 and 1973, Nigerias oil revenue almost quintupled due to windfalls from increasing oil prices. Nigeria as a major oil producer joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971 and established the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) in 1977 as a national oil company to manage and controlled both the upstream and downstream energy sectors.  [15]  Though sectorial and trade patterns begun showing traits of oil income by early1970s, agriculture maintain its dominance accounting for about 40% of non-oil GDP and employing about 70% of the national work force. However, this achievement was short-lived as the economy suffered severe oil syndrome propelling a sharp decline in agriculture sector, collapse of non-oil export and appreciating of the countrys real exchange rate.  [16]  These were the result of high public capital spending (an increase from 3.6% of nominal GDP in 1970 to 29.5% by 1976) leading to high GDP deficit , inflation and wage increments by the government, based on the Public Service Review Commission (the average wage for civil servants doubled with increases of up to 130%).  [17]   http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Nigeria/images/oil_production_consumption.png Nigeria has failed on the path to developing clear cut oil revenue management systems to manage its windfalls. This is traced to failures on attempted management commissions such as the Niger Development Board of 1960 and the Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC) of 1992 due to political instabilities. The most recent commission created to salvage the country is the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in 2000.  [18]  Nigerias crude oil production capacity is currently at 1.673 million bbl/d, with recent offshore oil developments and the restart of some shut-in onshore production increasing it to an average of 2.17 million bbl/d for the month of July 2011. High levels of poverty and corruption has led to kidnappings, militants takeovers of oil facilities in the Niger Delta and pipeline vandalism since 2005.  [19]  Though currently producing below capacity, Nigerias oil production is expected to increase based on the estimated 37.2 billion barrels of proven oil reserves and a more comprehensive revenue management system envisaged from the much debated Petroleum Industry Bill.  [20]   4. Implementing Strategic Management Framework The energy sector strategy and development plan 2010 drafted by the Ministry of Energy in Ghana advocate that in order to achieve the countrys goal of sustaining oil and gas exploration, development and judicious management of accrued revenue, the ministrys plan is to manage oil and gas revenues transparently and ensure equity for the benefit of the present and future generation of Ghanaians. This will be achieved through institutional reforms and transparent regulation for the management the oil revenue through legislative guidelines for the creation of a Future Generation Fund and stabilization fund.  [21]  The challenge is how Ghana positions itself in managing and formulating policies to achieve these set goals. Subsequent chapters will be dedicated to deliberating various successful policies and management styles governing allocation of oil revenues, how much to save (Current versus Future), building economic shocks for oil price volatility and guarding against the Dutch Dis ease 4.1 Strengthening Contractual, Regulatory and Legal Framework In modern business transactions, the buyer is always guided by the traditional concept of caveat emptor let the buyer beware of the natural risk in purchasing products in the market. To this end, and more crucial in the oil and gas industry is the opposite, let the owner beware of how resource revenue management if not meticulously planned could create inequalities.  [22]  Countries such as Botswana and Norway have been able to manage their resource sectors to sustain economic growth by adapting efficient and effective contractual and legal framework. Ghana in an attempt to follow such examples has passed two crucial bills, the Petroleum Revenue Management Bill (PRMB) and the Petroleum Exploration and Production Bill 2011 (PEPB). These bills governing exploration, development and management of oil revenues are intended to strengthen and provide a comprehensive approach to the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation Act (PNDC Law 64), the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act (P NDC Law 84), the Petroleum Income Tax Act, 1987 (PNDC Law 188), the Internal Revenue Act 2000 (Act 592) and the Environmental Protection Act 1994 upon commercial discovery of oil in 2007. The Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011 provides for framework for the collection, allocation and management of petroleum revenue in a responsible, transparent, accountable and sustainable manner for the benefit of the citizens of Ghana in accordance with Article 36 of the Constitution and for related matters.  [23]  Thus, the bill provides instruments for key issues such as setting up of petroleum funds, allocation and disbursement of the funds, management and investments of the petroleum funds and encumbrances and auditing of the funds.  [24]  The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, also seeks to provide a robust framework for the sector for the exploration, development and production of petroleum and create an enabling environment for increased private sector participation and investment in the petroleum sector and to strengthen the regulatory framework for healthy competition and quality assurance.  [25]  By adopting Production Sharing Agreement in negotiati ng and awarding of petroleum contracts to IOCs, Ghana seeks to promote local contents and sense of ownership in petroleum production. However, it is important to state that creating these regulatory and legal frameworks alone is not the end, for Ghana to be able to be successful in promoting economic growth using petroleum revenues; it must strictly adhere to these frameworks as done in Norway and Botswana. 4.2 Transparency, Accountability and Democratic Governance Strong institutions and administrative capacity for transparency and accountability in the oil industry is an important tool in achieving the purpose of improving human lives. Independent and accountable institutions are needed to manage proceeds from natural resource revenues. As done by some countries such as Chile and Malaysia, even with relatively low institutional capacities have overturned the negative cycle and maintained social stability and accelerated economic growth.  [26]  Ghana as member of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) which promote good corporate governance, effective regulatory framework for economic activities, corporate accountability , sound, transparent and predictable government policies should adhere to these standards in order to promote quality standard of living and reduce poverty rate. Another mechanism used in tracking the performance of extractive natural resources countries in admonishing transparency, accountability and good governance is participating as a member of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). As a global standard of ensuring transparency, EITI provides all industry players (IOCs, civil society groups and international organizations) and country members with principles of upholding transparency and accountability of payment from natural resources.  [27]  Ghana together with other countries such as Norway, Nigeria and Tanzania as EITI compliant countries have been meeting all requirements in the EITI standards and must continue to do so as a measure of promoting and strengthening transparency. The democratic dispensation in Ghana is considered by far to be one of the most reliable and stable governance in Africa. Continuing this path of democratic governance and strong civil societies such as the Centre for Policy Analysis (CEP A), IMANI, Centre for Education and Policy and the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in Ghana, the country can tap experience from Chile and Botswana in avoiding the resource curse. The position of transparency and accountability is confirmed in article 8.1 of the Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011. Its state that for the purpose of transparency and accountability, the records of petroleum receipts in whatever form, shall simultaneously be published by the Minister in the Gazette and in at least two state owned daily newspapers, within thirty calendar days after the end of the applicable quarter.  [28]   4.3 Resource Management A million question usually posed by many experts is whether Ghana should spend or save windfall revenues from the oil sector. Thus, should revenue management policy be structured towards repayment of Ghanas large foreign borrowing and eradicate capital scarcity and credit spreads, invest in foreign assets through sovereign wealth fund which has the capacity of building economic shock absorbers against volatile oil prices or to invest in domestic capital which has the tendency of promoting growth and structural transformation. In the case of Norway, the government instituted the State Petroleum Fund (SPF) in 1990 to function as both savings and stabilization funds to manage macroeconomic growth and guard against oscillating oil prices. Through prudent economic managements, strong democratic institutions, transparency and conservative fiscal policies, the SPF accumulated substantial wealth which led to consistent budget surpluses and the surging popularity of the Norwegian Model.  [29]  Though economic conditions and priorities between Ghana and Norway are different, Chile a developing economy has similar economic growth and development characteristics to that of Ghana. Like Norway, Chile in 1985 established the Copper Stabilization Fund for the management of its copper revenues and its effective management led to economic booms and poverty reduction between 1990 and 1997. Ghana governments oil revenue from the Jubilee field has four components, a royalty of 5% of gross oil revenues, Ghana National Petroleum Corporation share of 13.75% as oil fields commercial net profits, an additional oil entitlement of 10-25 % of petroleum revenue, net of royalties and the GNPC interest, is accrued if the project rate of return is between 18 and 33% and government levies on company income tax on all net profits of 35 %.  [30]  For effective management of windfall revenues from oil production and drawing experience from Norway, Chile and Botswana, Ghanas Petroleum Revenue Management Act allocates government oil revenues between annual budget and sovereign wealth funds based on benchmark revenue. The Petroleum Act established a Petroleum Holding Fund with Bank of Ghana to receive and disburse all public oil revenues. From the Petroleum Holding Fund, 50-70% is allocated to consolidate the annual budget with a minimum of 70% to be used for investment in eleven prior ity areas including agriculture, human resource, education and health, security, transport and the remaining 30% for consumption. The other 30-50% from the Petroleum Holding Fund goes into the Ghana Petroleum Funds which consist of the Ghana Stabilisation Fund and the Ghana Heritage Fund. The Ghana Stabilisation Fund, constituting a minimum of 70% of the Ghana Petroleum Fund, will be used to cushion the impact on o sustain public expenditure capacity during periods of unanticipated petroleum shortfalls and the remained 30% to be invested as the Ghana Heritage Fund to provide an endowment to support the development for future generations when the petroleum reserves have been depleted.  [31]  These policies, when properly administered and supported with strong democratic institutions can eliminate Ghana from the oil curse. 4.4 Conflict Management As observed in the case of Nigeria, political instability and authority has been a key fundamental issue hindering effective management of oil revenue. This is to say that though the promise of piece of share of the oil cake keeps the nation together, its distribution has plunged the country into political, social and economic instability resulting in high levels of poverty and corruption, militants takeovers of oil facilities and vandalism in the Niger Delta.  [32]  Similar cases are spread across the Middle East where poor management of oil revenue has led to polarization of the economy and economic laxity. Although Ghanas commercial oil discoveries have been made in deep water offshore Western Region, the fact still remains that region is most likely to suffer more in the case of oil spillage. Environmental safety trust funds and care must be taken to avoid social disruptions. From Ghanas own experience, towns such as Obuasi and Akwatia which are well known for the extraction of gold and bauxite have seen little development with respects to the national revenue generated from the area. As a result, there are important discussions on the need to establish Western Region Development Fund to cater for a more responsive regional development to avoid undesired sentiment of marginalisation and alienation. 4.5 Diversification and sustainable Economic Policy A key challenge of windfall revenues is how to avoid or minimize the possible negative effect that spending from oil revenues could have on the non-oil sectors of the economy. This negative effect usually leads to shrinking of non-oil sector by shifting production from exports while imports stay the same, shifting production from import substitutes goods and creating additional imports of goods and services. Unlike Nigeria which has seen a near collapse of export from the agricultural sector after discovery of oil, Indonesia has achieved tremendous improvement in agricultural production.  [33]  Other countries such as Angola, Iraq and Equatorial Guinea have also performed poorly in sustaining agricultural development and food security. Agriculture, services and manufacturing sectors are relatively labour-intensive, with agriculture alone employing about 65% of the work force in most developing countries as compared to the extractive industry , Ghana as a major exporter of cocoa, gold and a relatively growing manufacturing sectors should continue to diversify its productions to build a robust economy capable of sustaining oil price volatility. 5. CONCLUSION Ghana, like other developing countries can effectively manage its oil revenue and use the windfalls as an engine for accelerated development through sustainable planning from upstream, midstream and downstream activities. Major challenges for the country would be how to develop the oil and gas industry with optimal local content and participation, how to provide security for the industry and the overall management of potential revenue from oil and gas production. From a lot diverging experiences, Ghana can only do better in areas many countries have failed in relation to the management of exploration and exploitation of crude oil. Given the fact that crude oil and gas as natural resources are exhaustive and temporary, the broad objective of the country should be to use revenues accrued from oil production in support of the non-oil productive sectors in order to achieve a diversified and stable economic growth. The set-up of the national petroleum regulatory authority responsible for the regulation of all petroleum activities and the creation of a future generation fund and stabilization fund to ensure transparency and equity of benefit for both present and future generations are good initiatives. To maximize potentials from the oil industry, these initiatives should be cushioned by building a supporting human resource capacity, technological transfer and strong contractual, regulatory, legal frameworks.

The Key Principals Of Effective Communication English Language Essay

The Key Principals Of Effective Communication English Language Essay An interpersonal relationship is an association between two or more people. Interpersonal communication is a term that refers to the ways that interpersonal relationships are shaped, maintained, and changed. Interaction between people, usually in face-to-face or private settings deals with issue of interpersonal communication. People view communication differently, so it helps to understand why people behave and communicate different. Communication may contain the aspects of listening, persuading, asserting and nonverbal communication. Communicating effectively is when the person receiving the information understands you, and you understand them. If your ability to converse well with others is not good, it will affect the importance in your personal and professional success. The concept of interpersonal relationships is given by ones understanding of interpersonal communication its main beliefs, misconceptions and barriers. First, the concept of interpersonal relationships is given by ones understanding of interpersonal communication its main beliefs, misconceptions and barriers. Interpersonal communication includes message sending and receiving between two or more individuals. This can include all areas of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication, and more. To communicate well, one must have the basic communication skills. These skills include: Leveling, Listening, Validating, and Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ statements. Leveling means letting a person know your thoughts and feelings. When both parties do not know all of the information, a misunderstanding or conflict arises. Listening is a skill that not only involves hearing what a person is saying, but also comprehending what they are saying. Active listening is when someone makes a mental outline of important points, thinking up questions or challenges to the points that have been made, and becoming mentally involved with the person talking (Hybels Weaver, 2007, p.85) There are several steps involved in active listening. First, we must identify the central idea or the main thought. Next, we must form a mental outline of the speech. Next, we should predict what will come next in the conversation. Fourth, we relate the points of the conversation or speech to our own experience. Then we should look for similarities and differences on the information we are receiving. Is it similar or different from what we already know? Finally, we should ask questions. The next basic communication skill is validating. Validating is a skill that involves communicating to others that you have heard their position or opinion. With validation, we should accept the opinions and feelings of others as being true. Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ statements are when the speaker takes responsibility for their own feelings. This keeps defensiveness, or conflict, away from the communication. An example of an Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ statement is when someone states I understandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or I feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Using I statements allows us to speak for ourselves. Secondly, people expand and uphold their self-concepts through the course of taking action and building, then reflecting on what they have done and what others tell them about what they have done. Our perceptions are influenced by physical differences, like what we see and hear. Our perceptions are also influenced by the information we receive and what we already know, by habit, and culture. Self-concept is how you think about yourself. Self-concept comes from reflected appraisals from family and friends, and social comparisons. Sometimes judgments can be good or bad. You can change your perceptual influences by staying healthy, avoiding conflicts, taking time out, being accessible, and being able to adjust to other influences. There are many barriers to effective communication. These barriers can be present a persons work or even at home. At work, we speak to many different kinds of people. Many do not have the experience of communicating effectively with others. You need to learn as much as possible about whom you are communicating with, so you can pick the best way to send your message, and then there might less misunderstandings or confusion. The choice of a persons words is one barrier. The words we select to use will have an influence on the quality of our communication. To use words effectively, we need to understand their meanings and associations, in different situations. An additional barrier is the misinterpretation of body language, tone, or other forms of non verbal communication. Again, we should learn how to read another persons nonverbal cues so we know how to respond to them. The way you pay attention, look, shift, and respond tell the other person whether or not you care and how well youre listening. We learn from the very beginning of our lives how to get what we want with gestures and non-communication, and then we learn to trust our environment One more barrier is selective hearing. A very irritating thing about communication is when the person is not listening to you. This can lead to misunderstandings and confusion. Many people choose what they want to hear and do not hear all of the important facts. We should be active listeners so the communication is not lost from one person to the next. You should not be distracted when listening. You should paraphrase, make acknowledgments, dont interrupt, and then respond. A good example of selective listening is with children. Children only hear the beginning of the conversation. They become bored with what they are hearing and lose their concentration. So it is best not to beat around the bush; get straight to the point. Also, an extra barrier is to overcome is power struggles. Sometimes we do not want to listen to someone who does not have the authority over us. Many people think they do not need to listen to another person that may not be of a higher rank then they are. This is true in children and at the workplace. Some other barriers may be stereotyping, or culture differences. All of these barriers can be overcome. To overcome these barriers and become good listeners with effective communication, we should be open-minded, polite, and thoughtful. Everyone could use to learn more when dealing with communication, to learn and understand how to make the interpersonal interactions more efficient. There are many principles to be effective in interpersonal communication. By understanding these principles, we can improve our communication with our coworkers, and anyone we come in contact with. The first principle is to treat each other with respect (Sharland, 2008). This means that instead of putting our energy into complaining about others, we should use that energy for a better use. We should have an open hearted consideration for others no matter who they are or whatever they have done. Treating someone disrespectfully leads to escalating responses. For example, if we have a disagreement with a coworker, we should listen to their point of view to keep the communication ongoing. It would be nearly impossible to work with someone you cannot have a conversation with. This does not mean we have to like this person, but it does mean that the circumstances that caused the issue are unlikely to get worse. The second principle is that we should not interrupt one another (Sharland, 2008). Interruptions can be in a form of speaking at the same time, cell phones ringing, or something other than listening to the speaker. By not interrupting others and focusing on what another person is saying, we are more likely to be listened to. Many times we assume we know what the person is going to say and we bring our own thoughts into the conversation. This is also interrupting. The listener takes over the conversation and they never fully hear what the speaker is saying. Many discussions are hindered by interruptions and often at the end those involved go away with very different views about what has been said (Sharland, 2008). The third principle is that we have the right to pass (Sharland, 2008). Sometimes we may want to pass on something but we still participate because we feel coerced or guilty if we do not participate. We often call this peer pressure. When people are not able to pass on something, they become closed up about their thoughts and feelings because people begin to talk about them. Resentment can build against others and damage a relationship. At work there is often pressure to do what others are doing. If we do not conform to others, we feel isolated and resent the other coworkers. Sometimes it is just difficult to say no. The fourth principle of effective communication is that we do not volunteer others (Sharland, 2008). Sometimes before making a decision for someone else, we should check with them first. When we do not communicate, we cause confusion and conflict. For example, if I were to decide to go somewhere for the weekend and my spouse has made other plans, there may be a conflict between us. Although it may take time to communicate with this other person, it will eliminate any conflict. The time to resolve the conflict is greater than the time it takes to communicate with another. Sometimes we are volunteered to do something that is not in our job description. When this happens, because there is not pay increase, we may resent our employer and may appear unenthusiastic about our job. The fifth principle is to speak only for ourselves (Sharland, 2008). In speaking for ourselves, we often use I statements. Many times we do not hold the same views as others and should not assume they feel the same way. Speaking for others usually leads to conflict. We can assume we know what someone is feeling, but the only way of knowing is to ask them. By using this principle, we make more accurate statements with our communication and avoid unnecessary resentment or conflict. The sixth principle is that we do not speak too often or for too long (Sharland, 2008). If we speak too long, we will have bored listeners and will lose their attention. We will also take too much time and not give them a chance to voice their own opinions. This situation can happen at our workplace such as in meetings or can happen in the home. Many times a parent goes on and on to a child. The child gets tired of listening and is then disciplined for not listening. If a person speaks too often, they are resented because they do not allow others to speak. This happens often in meetings when an individual contributes their thoughts on the subject. They continue with their thoughts and do not give others the opportunity to voice their opinion. The effectiveness of the communication is reduced because the conversation is one-sided. When someone speaks too long or too often, we can improve the conversation by showing our interest. Many times people who repeat things over and over feel t hey are not being heard. If we question them or show our interest, they feel their ideas are being listened to and will move on to the next topic. The seventh principle is that we challenge the behavior and not the person (Sharland, 2008). When we challenge or label a person, ineffective communication occurs. Many times we focus on how someone is perceived to be rather than the behavior they exhibit. Labels are often the result of a conflict. This ineffectiveness in communication brings defensiveness in the person being labeled. When we label a person, the communication does not move forward. We may be able to vent our anger, but we do not communicate the reason for the anger. Instead of name calling, one should express their feelings or the reasons for their behavior. Name calling is just an endless solution. The eighth principle of effective communication is that we respect confidentiality (Sharland, 2008). When we respect ones confidentiality, we gain a persons trust. It also brings a feeling of safety, intimacy, and acknowledging and respecting ones vulnerability in relation to the issue. If we pass on confidential information, we lose the trust of the other person. Many times if people feel their personal information is going to be shared with other, they are uncomfortable and less likely to share their views, fears, ideas, vulnerabilities, or mistakes. The ninth principle is that it is ok to make mistakes (Sharland, 2008). With this principle, we realize that we are not perfect and making mistakes are opportunities for learning, connecting and insight rather than opportunities to condemn others. Without this principle, the other eight would be useless. When we make a mistake, we should use a different principle to be effective in our communication. All of the principles are not rules to go by, but are guidelines to make communication meaningful and effective. Communication is composed of verbal and nonverbal expressions. Verbal communication is what we actually say. Nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, eye contact, body posture, and motions. We are sensitive to these types of body language. As many of us have heard the saying, Our actions speak louder than words. Our nonverbal communication must match what we say. Nonverbal communication can help emphasize the truth, sincerity, and reliability of our communication. Nonverbal communication is important in many situations. It is good to pick up nonverbal cues to prepare oneself on how to handle the situation. We can respond to another appropriately when we understand their nonverbal cues. It also allows us to prevent a violent situation from being escalated. There are many things to consider when interpreting nonverbal communication. We should consider distance. The distance a person stands from another often gives a nonverbal cue. In some cultures, the distance shows how intense the communication is. A persons posture shows how formal the communication is or how relaxed it is. We may be sitting or standing, or have our arms crossed. Another thing to consider is the physical contact with the other person. Shaking hands, embracing, pushing, or patting are all ways to send a nonverbal cue. Some great features of nonverbal communication include facial expressions, gestures, and the way we look at someone. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer can all carry information. There are many different facial expressions and they can change throughout a persons conversation or interaction with another person. Hand movement is the most frequently used gestures but the least understood. People use their hands quite often while they are talki ng. It may be difficult to know what a person is meaning when they use their hands. The person could be just demonstrating something with their hands. Another feature of nonverbal communication is eye contact. Effective communication is very important for you the speaker and the listener. When we communicate effectively, we can eliminate misunderstandings and conflict. When we listen, we need to hear all of the details and be sympathetic to their feelings. We need to learn how to read nonverbal cues. By learning the basic communication skills one can have better communication with others. Effective communication is an essential component to be successful whether it is at work or at home.

Eminent Domain: A Controversial Power of Government Essay -- the right

Eminent domain has long been a controversial power that both the federal and state governments possess. This power gives the right to the government bodies to expropriate private property or land, that it sees as being blighted, and put it to better use for the greater good of the public. For eminent domain to be exercised the seizing of the properties must meet the requirement that they will be for public purpose or public necessity. As long as this requirement is met the federal government cannot be stopped from acquiring private property. Because of this, the eminent domain power has come under tremendous scrutiny for being unfair and unconstitutional. Moreover, people that have fell victim to this law are protesting that they were not adequately compensated for the property that was taken. The law of eminent domain continues to be a point of debate as it has been continuously proven that this law has negative consequences on not only the residents directly affected by the ramif ications of the law, but also the communities that are made up of these residences. For the federal government to condemn property as blighted and then transfer it to private developers or corporations for the obvious purpose of increasing tax revenue is seen as being unfair and unconstitutional. The Constitution designates to Congress a list of specific enumerated powers. These powers can be found in Article I of the Constitution, which contains some important items. These powers range from things like declaring war, raising armies and collecting taxes. It also includes powers that are of secondary importance such as regulating the value of foreign coin and establishing post roads.(Baude, p1746) However, the power of taking private property is not c... ...ations of this are predominantly felt across lower income families that find themselves powerless because they are in the crosshairs of large corporations that seek to take their property through the use of eminent domain. Moreover, the unconstitutional aspect of this takings method has also created friction among the effected citizens and the federal government. Besides the social effects that eminent domain has had it is all too clear the negative outcomes that it’s caused on the fragile economies. By forcing people into poorer neighborhoods the government is condemning the lower class to a life of poverty. It is unmistakable that the power of eminent domain has caused the public to despise the government while increasing the gap between the lower and upper class and also further increasing the possibility of corruption between corporations and the government. Eminent Domain: A Controversial Power of Government Essay -- the right Eminent domain has long been a controversial power that both the federal and state governments possess. This power gives the right to the government bodies to expropriate private property or land, that it sees as being blighted, and put it to better use for the greater good of the public. For eminent domain to be exercised the seizing of the properties must meet the requirement that they will be for public purpose or public necessity. As long as this requirement is met the federal government cannot be stopped from acquiring private property. Because of this, the eminent domain power has come under tremendous scrutiny for being unfair and unconstitutional. Moreover, people that have fell victim to this law are protesting that they were not adequately compensated for the property that was taken. The law of eminent domain continues to be a point of debate as it has been continuously proven that this law has negative consequences on not only the residents directly affected by the ramif ications of the law, but also the communities that are made up of these residences. For the federal government to condemn property as blighted and then transfer it to private developers or corporations for the obvious purpose of increasing tax revenue is seen as being unfair and unconstitutional. The Constitution designates to Congress a list of specific enumerated powers. These powers can be found in Article I of the Constitution, which contains some important items. These powers range from things like declaring war, raising armies and collecting taxes. It also includes powers that are of secondary importance such as regulating the value of foreign coin and establishing post roads.(Baude, p1746) However, the power of taking private property is not c... ...ations of this are predominantly felt across lower income families that find themselves powerless because they are in the crosshairs of large corporations that seek to take their property through the use of eminent domain. Moreover, the unconstitutional aspect of this takings method has also created friction among the effected citizens and the federal government. Besides the social effects that eminent domain has had it is all too clear the negative outcomes that it’s caused on the fragile economies. By forcing people into poorer neighborhoods the government is condemning the lower class to a life of poverty. It is unmistakable that the power of eminent domain has caused the public to despise the government while increasing the gap between the lower and upper class and also further increasing the possibility of corruption between corporations and the government.